Classic Papers in Foot & Ankle

Pool built 2026-08-25 · All specialties

These are the 100 most-cited papers published in the Foot & Ankle journals, ranked by lifetime citations (via OpenAlex; retracted papers excluded). The daily digest draws its classic slot from this pool — subscribe to get one with your new articles, or browse the Foot & Ankle archive.

1. Clinical Rating Systems for the Ankle-Hindfoot, Midfoot, Hallux, and Lesser Toes

   Harold B. Kitaoka, Ian J. Alexander, Robert S. Adelaar et al. — Foot Ankle Int · 1994 · cited 4,511 times

2. Evidence of Validity for the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM)

   RobRoy L. Martin, James J. Irrgang, Ray G. Burdett et al. — Foot Ankle Int · 2005 · cited 1,162 times

3. Persistent Disability Associated with Ankle Sprains: A Prospective Examination of an Athletic Population

   J. Parry Gerber, Glenn N. Williams, Charles R. Scoville et al. — Foot Ankle Int · 1998 · cited 909 times

4. Validation of the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score for Ankle Ligament Reconstruction

   Ewa M. Roos, Sveinbjörn Brandsson, Jón Karlsson — Foot Ankle Int · 2001 · cited 794 times

5. The Hindfoot Alignment View

   Charles L. Saltzman, Georges Y. El-Khoury — Foot Ankle Int · 1995 · cited 756 times

6. Risk Factors for Plantar Fasciitis

   Daniel L. Riddle, Matthew Pulisic, Peter E. Pidcoe et al. — J Bone Joint Surg Am · 2003 · cited 710 times

7. Hallux Rigidus: Demographics, Etiology, and Radiographic Assessment

   Michael J. Coughlin, Paul S. Shurnas — Foot Ankle Int · 2003 · cited 687 times

8. Achilles Tendon Disorders: Etiology and Epidemiology

   Tero A.H. Järvinen, Pekka Kannus, Nicola Maffulli et al. — Foot Ankle Clin · 2005 · cited 594 times

9. Hallux Valgus: Demographics, Etiology, and Radiographic Assessment

   Michael J. Coughlin, Caroll P. Jones — Foot Ankle Int · 2007 · cited 555 times

10. Malreduction of the Tibiofibular Syndesmosis in Ankle Fractures

    Michael J. Gardner, Demetris Demetrakopoulos, Stephen Briggs et al. — Foot Ankle Int · 2006 · cited 510 times

11. Volume of Ambulatory Care Visits and Patterns of Care for Patients Diagnosed with Plantar Fasciitis: A National Study of Medical Doctors

    Daniel L. Riddle, Susan M. Schappert — Foot Ankle Int · 2004 · cited 473 times

12. Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus: Localization and Morphologic Data from 424 Patients Using a Novel Anatomical Grid Scheme

    Steven M. Raikin, Ilan Elias, Adam C. Zoga et al. — Foot Ankle Int · 2007 · cited 465 times

13. Complications of Plantar Fascia Rupture Associated with Corticosteroid Injection

    Jorge I. Acevedo, James L. Beskin — Foot Ankle Int · 1998 · cited 420 times

14. Epidemiology of Sprains of the Lateral Ankle Ligament Complex

    Nicholas A. Ferran, Nicola Maffulli — Foot Ankle Clin · 2006 · cited 414 times

15. Prospective Controlled Trial of STAR Total Ankle Replacement versus Ankle Fusion: Initial Results

    Charles L. Saltzman, Roger A. Mann, Jeanette E. Ahrens et al. — Foot Ankle Int · 2009 · cited 413 times

16. Comparison of Custom and Prefabricated Orthoses in the Initial Treatment of Proximal Plantar Fasciitis

    Glenn B. Pfeffer, Peter Bacchetti, Johnathan T. Deland et al. — Foot Ankle Int · 1999 · cited 388 times

17. Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus: A Revised Classification

    Stephen Hepple, Ian Winson, D. Glew — Foot Ankle Int · 1999 · cited 388 times

18. Conservative Treatment of Plantar Heel Pain: Long-Term Follow-Up

    Mark Wolgin, Charles H. Cook, Charles E. Graham et al. — Foot Ankle Int · 1994 · cited 386 times

19. Angular Measurements in the Evaluation of Hallux Valgus Deformities: A Report of the Ad Hoc Committee of the American Orthopædic Foot & Ankle Society on Angular Measurements

    Michael J. Coughlin, Charles L. Saltzman, James A. Nunley — Foot Ankle Int · 2002 · cited 385 times

20. Operative vs. Nonoperative Treatment of Intra-Articular Fractures of the Calcaneus: A Prospective Randomized Trial

    David B. Thordarson, Lauren Eric Krieger — Foot Ankle Int · 1996 · cited 378 times

21. Mosaicplasty for the Treatment of Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Talus: Two to Seven Year Results in 36 Patients

    László Hangody, Gary Kish, László Módis et al. — Foot Ankle Int · 2001 · cited 357 times

22. Tissue-Specific Plantar Fascia-Stretching Exercise Enhances Outcomes in Patients With Chronic Heel Pain

    Benedict F. DiGiovanni, Deborah A. Nawoczenski, Marc E. Lintal et al. — J Bone Joint Surg Am · 2003 · cited 345 times

23. Associated Injuries Found in Chronic Lateral Ankle Instability

    Benedict F. DiGiovanni, Carlos J. Fraga, Bruce E. Cohen et al. — Foot Ankle Int · 2000 · cited 342 times

24. A Review of Ankle Arthrodesis: Predisposing Factors to Nonunion

    Carol Frey, Nicholas M. Halikus, Taryn Vu-Rose et al. — Foot Ankle Int · 1994 · cited 339 times

25. Population-based epidemiology of 9767 ankle fractures

    Rasmus Elsøe, Svend Erik Østgaard, Peter Larsen — Foot Ankle Surg · 2016 · cited 327 times

26. Evaluation of the Validity of the AOFAS Clinical Rating Systems by Correlation to the SF-36

    Nelson F. SooHoo, Michael L. Shuler, Lamar L. Fleming — Foot Ankle Int · 2003 · cited 317 times

27. Wound-Healing Risk Factors After Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Calcaneal Fractures

    Nicholas A. Abidi, Sushil Dhawan, Gary S. Gruen et al. — Foot Ankle Int · 1998 · cited 313 times

28. Plantar Fasciitis: Evaluation and Treatment

    Steven K. Neufeld, Rebecca A. Cerrato — J Am Acad Orthop Surg · 2008 · cited 306 times

29. Ankle Osteoarthritis Scale

    Robyn T. Domsic, Charles L. Saltzman — Foot Ankle Int · 1998 · cited 303 times

30. Juvenile Hallux Valgus: Etiology and Treatment

    Michael J. Coughlin — Foot Ankle Int · 1995 · cited 295 times

31. Foot and Ankle Problems in Rheumatoid Arthritis

    James D. Michelson, Mark E. Easley, Fredrick M. Wigley et al. — Foot Ankle Int · 1994 · cited 293 times

32. Evidence-Based Classification of Complications in Total Ankle Arthroplasty

    Mark Glazebrook, Kory Arsenault, Michael Dunbar — Foot Ankle Int · 2009 · cited 292 times

33. Weightbearing Computed Tomography of the Foot and Ankle: Emerging Technology Topical Review

    Alexej Barg, Travis L. Bailey, Martinus Richter et al. — Foot Ankle Int · 2017 · cited 291 times

34. Etiology, Histopathology, and Outcome of Surgery in Achillodynia

    Christer Rolf, Tomas Movin — Foot Ankle Int · 1997 · cited 289 times

35. Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome: A Review of the Literature

    John T.C. Lau, T. Daniels — Foot Ankle Int · 1999 · cited 289 times

36. Radiographic and CT Evaluation of Tibiofibular Syndesmotic Diastasis: A Cadaver Study

    Nabil A. Ebraheim, Jike Lu, Hua Yang et al. — Foot Ankle Int · 1997 · cited 285 times

37. Posterior Tibial Tendon Insufficiency: Which Ligaments are Involved?

    Jonathan T. Deland, Richard J. de, Il‐Hoon Sung et al. — Foot Ankle Int · 2005 · cited 284 times

38. Contributing Factors to Chronic Ankle Instability

    Tricia J. Hubbard, Lauren Kramer, Craig R. Denegar et al. — Foot Ankle Int · 2007 · cited 283 times

39. Epidemiology of Sprains in the Lateral Ankle and Foot

    Per Hølmer, Lars Søndergaard, Lars Konradsen et al. — Foot Ankle Int · 1994 · cited 281 times

40. Etiologic Factors Associated with Symptomatic Achilles Tendinopathy

    George B. Holmes, Johnny Lin — Foot Ankle Int · 2006 · cited 280 times

41. Posterior Tibial Tendon Rupture: A Refined Classification System

    Eric M. Bluman, Craig I. Title, Mark S. Myerson — Foot Ankle Clin · 2007 · cited 275 times

42. Fractures and Fracture Dislocations of the Midfoot: Occurrence, Causes and Long-term Results

    Martinus Richter, B. Wippermann, Christian Krettek et al. — Foot Ankle Int · 2001 · cited 271 times

43. Clinical, Quantitative Assessment of First Tarsometatarsal Mobility in the Sagittal Plane and Its Relation to Hallux Valgus Deformity

    Kaj Klaue, Sigvard T. Hansen, Alain C. Masquelet — Foot Ankle Int · 1994 · cited 268 times

44. Radiographic Assessment of Adult Flatfoot

    Alastair Younger, Bonita Sawatzky, Peter Dryden — Foot Ankle Int · 2005 · cited 267 times

45. Painful Heel Syndrome: Results of Nonoperative Treatment

    Pamela F. Davis, Erik L Severud, Donald E. Baxter — Foot Ankle Int · 1994 · cited 267 times

46. Chronic Lateral Instability: Arthroscopic Findings and Long-Term Results

    Richard D. Ferkel, Roger N. Chams — Foot Ankle Int · 2007 · cited 265 times

47. All-inside Arthroscopic Lateral Collateral Ligament Repair for Ankle Instability With a Knotless Suture Anchor Technique

    Jordi Vega, Pau Golanó, Alexandro Pellegrino et al. — Foot Ankle Int · 2013 · cited 263 times

48. Arthroscopic Repair of Chronic Lateral Ankle Instability

    Corte-Real Nuno M., Rodrigo Moreira — Foot Ankle Int · 2009 · cited 262 times

49. Classification and Nomenclature: Progressive Collapsing Foot Deformity

    Mark S. Myerson, David B. Thordarson, Jeffrey E. Johnson et al. — Foot Ankle Int · 2020 · cited 262 times

50. Forefoot morphotype study and planning method for forefoot osteotomy

    M. Maestro, Jean‐Luc Besse, Mathieu Ragusa et al. — Foot Ankle Clin · 2003 · cited 262 times

51. Plantar Fascia Rupture Associated with Corticosteroid Injection

    J. Sellman — Foot Ankle Int · 1994 · cited 260 times

52. Plantar Fascia-Specific Stretching Exercise Improves Outcomes in Patients with Chronic Plantar Fasciitis

    Benedict F. DiGiovanni, Deborah A. Nawoczenski, Daniel P. Malay et al. — J Bone Joint Surg Am · 2006 · cited 257 times

53. Treatment of Stage II Posterior Tibial Tendon Deficiency With Flexor Digitorum Longus Tendon Transfer and Calcaneal Osteotomy

    Mark S. Myerson, Athanasios Badekas, Lew C. Schon — Foot Ankle Int · 2004 · cited 256 times

54. The Reliability of Angular Measurements in Hallux Valgus Deformities

    Michael J. Coughlin, Elisha I. Freund — Foot Ankle Int · 2001 · cited 252 times

55. Retrograde Drilling of Osteochondral Lesions of the Medial Talar Dome

    Warren S. Taranow, Gregory A. Bisignani, Jeffrey D. Towers et al. — Foot Ankle Int · 1999 · cited 251 times

56. Osteochondral Defects of the Talus Treated with Fresh Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation

    Allan E. Gross, Zoe Agnidis, Carol Hutchison — Foot Ankle Int · 2001 · cited 251 times

57. Tendon Transfer Combined with Calcaneal Osteotomy for Treatment of Posterior Tibial Tendon Insufficiency: A Radiological Investigation

    Mark S. Myerson, John Corrigan, Francesca M. Thompson et al. — Foot Ankle Int · 1995 · cited 250 times

58. Acute and Overuse Injuries Correlated to Hours of Training in Master Running Athletes

    Karsten Knobloch, Uzung Yoon, Peter M. Vogt — Foot Ankle Int · 2008 · cited 246 times

59. The Anatomy of the Achilles Tendon

    M. O’Brien — Foot Ankle Clin · 2005 · cited 244 times

60. Arthrodesis or Total Replacement Arthroplasty for Hallux Rigidus: A Randomized Controlled Trial

    J. N. Alastair Gibson, Colin E Thomson — Foot Ankle Int · 2005 · cited 238 times

61. Open Reduction Internal Fixation versus Primary Arthrodesis for Lisfranc Injuries: A Prospective Randomized Study

    Jeffrey A. Henning, Clifford B. Jones, Debra L. Sietsema et al. — Foot Ankle Int · 2009 · cited 238 times

62. Lengthening of the Lateral Column and Reconstruction of the Medial Soft Tissue for Treatment of Acquired Flatfoot Deformity Associated with Insufficiency of the Posterior Tibial Tendon

    Beat Hintermann, Víctor Valderrábano, Hans‐Peter Kundert — Foot Ankle Int · 1999 · cited 238 times

63. Responsiveness and Validity of the SF-36, Ankle Osteoarthritis Scale, AOFAS Ankle Hindfoot Score, and Foot Function Index in End Stage Ankle Arthritis

    N J Madeley, Kevin Wing, Claire Topliss et al. — Foot Ankle Int · 2012 · cited 237 times

64. The Incidence of Achilles Tendon Ruptures in Edmonton, Canada

    Amar A. Suchak, Geoff Bostick, David C. Reid et al. — Foot Ankle Int · 2005 · cited 237 times

65. Current Concepts Review: Hallux Valgus Part II: Operative Treatment

    Mark E. Easley, Hans‐Joerg Trnka — Foot Ankle Int · 2007 · cited 237 times

66. Reliability of Standard Foot Radiographic Measurements

    Charles L. Saltzman, Eric A. Brandser, Kevin S. Berbaum et al. — Foot Ankle Int · 1994 · cited 236 times

67. Preoperative PROMIS Scores Predict Postoperative Success in Foot and Ankle Patients

    Bryant S. Ho, Jeff Houck, Adolph S. Flemister et al. — Foot Ankle Int · 2016 · cited 234 times

68. AOFAS Position Statement Regarding the Future of the AOFAS Clinical Rating Systems

    Ellie Pinsker, Timothy R. Daniels — Foot Ankle Int · 2011 · cited 233 times

69. Arthroscopic Findings Associated with the Unstable Ankle

    Gregory A. Komenda, Richard D. Ferkel — Foot Ankle Int · 1999 · cited 233 times

70. Shock Wave Therapy for Chronic Proximal Plantar Fasciitis

    John A. Ogden, Richard G. Alvarez, Richard L. Levitt et al. — Clin Orthop Relat Res · 2001 · cited 233 times

71. Operative Treatment of Osteochondral Lesions of the Talar Dome: Current Concepts Review

    Sandro Giannini, Francesca Vannini — Foot Ankle Int · 2004 · cited 232 times

72. Stage I and II Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction Treated by a Structured Nonoperative Management Protocol: An Orthosis and Exercise Program

    Richard G. Alvarez, Andrew Marini, Coleen Schmitt et al. — Foot Ankle Int · 2006 · cited 231 times

73. Percutaneous vs. Open Repair of the Ruptured Achilles Tendon—A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study

    Justin Lim, Rakesh Dalai, M. Waseem — Foot Ankle Int · 2001 · cited 231 times

74. Morbidity Associated with ORIF of Intra-Articular Calcaneus Fractures Using a Lateral Approach

    Edward J. Harvey, Leslie Grujic, John S. Early et al. — Foot Ankle Int · 2001 · cited 230 times

75. Tibiotalocalcaneal Arthrodesis with an Intramedullary Device

    Todd A. Kile, Richard Donnelly, Jon C. Gehrke et al. — Foot Ankle Int · 1994 · cited 230 times

76. Cigarette Smoking and Nonunion after Ankle Arthrodesis

    Tyson K. Cobb, Timothy A. Gabrielsen, Donald C. Campbell et al. — Foot Ankle Int · 1994 · cited 229 times

77. Plantar pressure distribution measurements. Technical background and clinical applications

    Dieter Rosenbaum, H. P. Becker — Foot Ankle Surg · 1997 · cited 229 times

78. Minimally Invasive Technique Versus an Extensile Lateral Approach for Intra-Articular Calcaneal Fractures

    Alex J. Kline, Robert B. Anderson, W. Hodges Davis et al. — Foot Ankle Int · 2013 · cited 228 times

79. Current Concepts Review: Lisfranc Injuries

    Elizabeth A. Desmond, Loretta B. Chou — Foot Ankle Int · 2006 · cited 228 times

80. Ankle Fusion in a High Risk Population: An Assessment of Nonunion Risk Factors

    Mark Perlman, David B. Thordarson — Foot Ankle Int · 1999 · cited 226 times

81. Comprehensive Reconstruction of the Lateral Ankle for Chronic Instability Using a Free Gracilis Graft

    Michael J. Coughlin, Robert C. Schenck, Brett R. Grebing et al. — Foot Ankle Int · 2004 · cited 226 times

82. A New Measure of Tibial Sesamoid Position in Hallux Valgus in Relation to the Coronal Rotation of the First Metatarsal in CT Scans

    Yejeong Kim, Jin Su Kim, Ki Won Young et al. — Foot Ankle Int · 2015 · cited 226 times

83. Biomechanics and pathophysiology of flat foot

    Drew H. Van Boerum, Bruce J. Sangeorzan — Foot Ankle Clin · 2003 · cited 225 times

84. Infectious and Healing Complications after Elective Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Surgery during Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Inhibition Therapy

    Christopher Bibbo, Jerry W. Goldberg — Foot Ankle Int · 2004 · cited 223 times

85. Hallux Metatarsophalangeal Joint Arthrodesis Using Dome-Shaped Reamers and Dorsal Plate Fixation: A Prospective Study

    Nicholas R. Goucher, Michael J. Coughlin — Foot Ankle Int · 2006 · cited 222 times

86. Plantar Fasciitis

    Anthony A. Schepsis, Robert E. Leach, John Gouyca — Clin Orthop Relat Res · 1991 · cited 222 times

87. Achilles Tendon Injuries in a United States Population

    Steven M. Raikin, David N. Garras, Philip V. Krapchev — Foot Ankle Int · 2013 · cited 220 times

88. Treatment of Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Talus: Use of the Mosaicplasty Technique—A Preliminary Report

    László Hangody, Gary Kish, Zoltán Kárpati et al. — Foot Ankle Int · 1997 · cited 215 times

89. Isolated Subtalar Arthrodesis

    Roger A. Mann, Douglas Beaman, Greg A. Horton — Foot Ankle Int · 1998 · cited 215 times

90. Peroneus Brevis Tendon Tears: Pathophysiology, Surgical Reconstruction, and Clinical Results

    John O. Krause, James W. Brodsky — Foot Ankle Int · 1998 · cited 214 times

91. Painful Os Peroneum Syndrome: A Spectrum of Conditions Responsible for Plantar Lateral Foot Pain

    Mark Sobel, Helene Pavlov, Mark J. Geppert et al. — Foot Ankle Int · 1994 · cited 212 times

92. Insertional Achilles Tendinosis: Surgical Treatment Through a Central Tendon Splitting Approach

    William C. McGarvey, Robert C. Palumbo, Donald E. Baxter et al. — Foot Ankle Int · 2002 · cited 212 times

93. Clinical Rating Systems for the Ankle-Hindfoot, Midfoot, Hallux, and Lesser Toes

    Harold B. Kitaoka, Ian J. Alexander, Robert S. Adelaar et al. — Foot Ankle Int · 1997 · cited 212 times

94. Autologous Osteochondral Grafting for Talar Cartilage Defects

    Raad Al‐Shaikh, Loretta B. Chou, Jeffrey A. Mann et al. — Foot Ankle Int · 2002 · cited 212 times

95. Plantar Fasciitis: How Successful Is Surgical Intervention?

    Mark S. Davies, Galen A. Weiss, Terence S. Saxby — Foot Ankle Int · 1999 · cited 211 times

96. Open Versus Arthroscopic Ankle Arthrodesis: A Comparative Study

    T.S. O'Brien, Timothy S. Hart, Michael J. Shereff et al. — Foot Ankle Int · 1999 · cited 210 times

97. Outcomes of Ankle Fractures in Patients with Uncomplicated versus Complicated Diabetes

    Dane K. Wukich, Alison M. Joseph, Michael T. Ryan et al. — Foot Ankle Int · 2011 · cited 210 times

98. The Epidemiology of Metatarsal Fractures

    Brad Petrisor, Ingri Ekrol, Charles M. Court-Brown — Foot Ankle Int · 2006 · cited 210 times

99. Arthrodesis of the Ankle: A Critical Analysis

    Roger A. Mann, Kurt M. Rongstad — Foot Ankle Int · 1998 · cited 209 times

100. Autologous Chondrocyte Transplantation in Osteochondral Lesions of the Ankle Joint

     Sandra L. Giannini, Roberto Buda, Brunella Grigolo et al. — Foot Ankle Int · 2001 · cited 209 times

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