➤: Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are a subset of progenitor cells that help to promote tissue healing and regeneration through the secretion of various cytokines and growth factors. Although technically pluripotent, MSCs in vivo rarely repair damaged tissue through direct differentiation and engraftment.
➤: Augmentation of traditional marrow stimulation techniques with MSCs has been theorized to improve repair tissue quality and defect fill. Clinical trials evaluating this technique are limited but have shown modest improvements compared with isolated marrow stimulation.
➤: Various scaffolds also have been utilized in combination with MSCs to treat focal chondral defects. Although the techniques described are heterogeneous, many have shown promising early clinical outcomes.
➤: Newer techniques involving 3-dimensional bioprinted scaffolds seeded with MSCs allow for the recreation of complex architecture, more closely resembling articular cartilage. These techniques are evolving and have not yet been studied in human clinical trials.
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