Comprehensive Review of Multidirectional Instability of the Shoulder.

Multidirectional instability of the shoulder can result from underlying atraumatic laxity, from repetitive microtrauma, or from a traumatic injury and often occurs in association with generalized ligamentous laxity or underlying connective tissue disorders. It is critical to differentiate multidirectional instability from unidirectional instability with or without generalized laxity to maximize treatment success. Although rehabilitation is still considered the primary treatment method for this condition, surgical treatment in the form of open inferior capsular shift or arthroscopic pancapsulolabral plication is indicated if conservative treatment fails. Recent biomechanical and clinical research has shown that there is still room for improvement in the treatment methods offered to this specific patient cohort. Potential treatment options, such as various methods to improve cross-linking of native collagen tissue, electric muscle stimulation to retrain the abnormally functioning dynamic stabilizers of the shoulder, and alternative surgical techniques such as coracohumeral ligament reconstruction and bone-based augmentation procedures, are brought forth in this article as potential avenues to explore in the future.