Refined Techniques in Tibial Nailing.

Intramedullary nail fixation of unstable tibial diaphyseal fractures is commonly used with excellent clinical results. Indications for nailing have rapidly expanded over recent years, allowing for more difficult fractures to be addressed with "extreme nailing." Despite its widespread use, evolution of newer nailing systems and varying techniques for insertion bring new difficulties with tibial fracture reduction, and malalignment occurs with relative frequency. This highlights the need for a methodical approach for efficient and predictable tibial nailing. An algorithmic approach is essential, beginning with identifying challenging patterns in proximal and distal fractures and addressing any intra-articular elements initially. A semiextended approach is helpful to neutralize deforming forces. Optimizing the starting point and confirming lateral termination of the guidewire mitigate fracture malreduction after nail placement. Fracture reduction is facilitated with clamps, fibular or tibial plating, blocking screws or wires, external fixation, universal distractor, or manual manipulation to optimize outcomes and avoid pitfalls in an effective tibial nailing.