Shoulder-to-Elbow Humeral Malunions: Current Concepts and Review of the Literature.

» Proximal humeral malunions: Arthroscopic techniques are effective for mild malunions, osteotomy is suitable for more significant deformities, and shoulder arthroplasty is ideal for cases with severe damage or nonviable humeral heads.» Humeral shaft malunions: Rotational and angled deformities should be addressed with an osteotomy, though malunions are generally well tolerated and more likely to be cosmetic deformities.» Distal humerus malunions are complex, but corrective osteotomy or arthroplasty can improve function and pain, especially with 3-dimensional imaging enhancing surgical accuracy.