Surgical Spine Techniques for Small-Statured Surgeons and Assistants.

Equitable working environment for surgeons of all sizes is crucial. Present-day operating rooms (ORs) may not be best suited for all surgeons. This review discusses techniques and suggestions for OR improvements for spine surgeons who do not fit this stereotype. Emphasis should be on adopting good posture throughout the surgery, using powered tools, ergonomically designed equipment, and body support devices whenever possible. If such tools are not available, surgeons should select items that offer the greatest leverage, such as T-handles instead of round knobs. Microbreaks, defined as short breaks of less than 1 minute taken every half an hour of operating, should be taken to stretch and reduce strain on muscles and joints. Moreover, in addition to appropriate ergonomic best practices, strength training, stretching, and aerobic exercises should also be part of the routine outside the OR to minimize the risk of musculoskeletal injuries inside the OR.