Latest research on scaphoid fractures and nonunion

26 papers · updated 2026-09-26 · Hand & Upper Extremity · All topics

The newest papers on scaphoid fractures and nonunion from the orthopaedic journals The Reduction reads, newest first, each with a one-line summary. The list is drawn from the digest’s archive and refreshed every week.

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Recent papers

  1. Epidemiology and Clinical Implications of Scaphoid Morphology Based on Morsy Classification.

    Journal of Hand Surgery (Global Online) · Sep 2026 · PubMed

    Type I scaphoids predominate at 80% prevalence in the general population; type II scaphoids show higher left-handedness but no other demographic differences.

  2. Radioscaphoid Pressures and Carpal Kinematics After Wrist Ligament Sectioning.

    Journal of Wrist Surgery · Aug 2026 · PubMed

    Cadaver wrist testing showed that sectioning key dorsal and interosseous ligaments increases scaphoid/lunate malalignment and radioscaphoid joint pressure, supporting a mechanism for progression to SLAC wrist if untreated.

  3. Assessment of Scaphoid Screw Centrality Using a Dedicated Axial Fluoroscopic View: A CT-Validated Study.

    HAND · Aug 21 2026 · PubMed

    A dedicated axial fluoroscopic view for scaphoid screw placement correlated only modestly with CT and underestimated deviation, so it can flag eccentric trajectory intraoperatively but shouldn't be treated as a CT substitute.

  4. Union outcomes and associated factors in adolescent scaphoid fractures.

    Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery · Aug 20 2026 · PubMed

    In 77 adolescents with scaphoid fractures, union rates were high (82%) overall but lower with proximal pole location, displacement, delayed diagnosis, surgery, older age, and adverse scaphoid morphometry.

  5. Radiographic Scaphoid Waist Index and Nonunion After Scaphocapitate Fusion for Kienböck Disease.

    Journal of Hand Surgery (American) · Aug 19 2026 · PubMed

    In a small retrospective cohort, lower scaphoid waist index trended toward higher nonunion risk after scaphocapitate fusion for Kienböck disease, but findings were imprecise and hypothesis-generating only.

  6. Arthroscopic Treatment of Scaphoid Nonunion with Nonvascularized Autogenous Bone Grafting: A Prospective Study of 39 Patients.

    Journal of Hand Surgery (Global Online) · Aug 07 2026 · PubMed

    Prospective study of 39 patients found all-arthroscopic curettage and nonvascularized bone grafting achieved 94.8% union in scaphoid nonunion with good function, though smokers had worse outcomes.

  7. Surgical Fixation Versus Cast Immobilization for Adults With Bicortical Scaphoid Fractures: A Target Trial Emulation of the SWIFFT Trial.

    Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons · Aug 01 2026 · PubMed

    Surgery reduced scaphoid nonunion by half but showed only modest functional improvement and increased complications sevenfold; cast immobilization remains reasonable for undisplaced fractures.

  8. Outcomes of Distal Radius Autograft in Adolescent Scaphoid Nonunion Repair.

    Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics · Jul 13 2026 · PubMed

    In adolescent scaphoid nonunions, ORIF with distal radius autograft achieved union in all cases (94% by 6 months) with improved carpal alignment and good return to activity, supporting this as an effective treatment.

  9. Lunocapitate versus Four-Corner Arthrodesis Using Headless Compression Screws in Treatment of Scapholunate Advanced Collapse and Scaphoid Nonunion Advanced Collapse Wrist: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

    Journal of Wrist Surgery · Jun 2026 · PubMed

    Four-corner and lunocapitate fusions show similar outcomes; lunocapitate preserves function better but has higher complication rates requiring further study.

  10. Outcomes After Treatment of Scaphoid Nonunion With Open Reduction Internal Fixation and Nonvascularized Autograft.

    Journal of Hand Surgery (American) · Jun 08 2026 · PubMed

    Scaphoid nonunion fixed with nonvascularized autograft healed in 95%, with no difference between cancellous and corticocancellous graft, and bridging bone on early CT reliably predicts union.

  11. Senile Scaphoids: Outcomes of Surgical Fixation for Scaphoid Fractures in an Elderly Population.

    HAND · May 30 2026 · PubMed

    Elderly patients aged ≥60 achieve similar scaphoid fracture union rates and low complications as younger patients when surgically fixed, challenging age-based restrictions on operative treatment.

  12. Scapholunate Injuries in the Context of Acute Scaphoid Fractures: A Systematic Literature Review.

    HAND · Apr 03 2026 · Review · PubMed

    Systematic review finds scapholunate ligament injuries frequently accompany acute scaphoid fractures (0–71% incidence), with arthroscopy most sensitive, though optimal detection and treatment remain unclear.

  13. Artificial intelligence and machine learning capabilities in the detection of acute scaphoid fracture: a critical review.

    Journal of Hand Surgery (European) · Sep 2025 · Review · PubMed

    This critical review finds that current AI/machine learning models for detecting scaphoid fractures have significant methodological flaws and bias, limiting valid comparison to clinician accuracy.

  14. Arthroscopic bone grafting in scaphoid fracture nonunion: Is it a universal solution?

    Journal of Hand and Microsurgery · Jul 2025 · Review · PubMed

    This review finds arthroscopic bone grafting for scaphoid nonunion achieves union rates and times comparable to open surgery regardless of smoking, chronicity, or fracture location, though deformity correction may be inferior.

  15. Proximal row carpectomy or scaphoid excision and four-corner arthrodesis for treatment of scapholunate advanced collapse arthritis.

    Journal of Hand Surgery (European) · Jan 2025 · Review · PubMed

    For early-stage SLAC/SNAC wrist arthritis, proximal row carpectomy and four-corner arthrodesis both preserve motion with similar outcomes, though PRC may offer better motion, fewer complications, and lower cost.

  16. Bone Graft and Fixation Options in the Surgical Management of Scaphoid Nonunion.

    Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons · Oct 29 2024 · Review · PubMed

    Review outlines bone graft and fixation choices for scaphoid nonunion, guiding selection of nonvascularized, vascularized, or osteochondral grafts based on proximal pole viability and deformity.

  17. Scaphoid Nonunions: Local Vascularized Bone Flaps.

    Hand Clinics · Feb 2024 · Review · PubMed

    Review article on using local vascularized bone flaps for scaphoid nonunion, noting they avoid microsurgical anastomosis and can achieve high union rates in select patients.

  18. Traditional Bone Grafting in Scaphoid Nonunion.

    Hand Clinics · Feb 2024 · Review · PubMed

    Nonvascularized bone grafting remains an effective option for scaphoid waist and proximal pole nonunions when combined with adequate debridement, length restoration, and stable fixation.

  19. Scaphoid fracture and nonunion: new directions.

    Journal of Hand Surgery (European) · Sep 2023 · Review · PubMed

    This review covers modern management of acute scaphoid fractures and nonunion, noting a trend toward dual-screw fixation and favoring two screws without bone graft even with humpback deformity.

  20. Slight Elongation of the Scaphoid and Cancellous Bone Graft Without Compression for Treatment of Scaphoid Nonunions.

    Hand Clinics · Aug 2022 · Review · PubMed

    Scaphoid waist nonunion treatment with slight lengthening, bone graft, and K-wire fixation without compression achieves good union rates.

  21. Treatment of upper extremity palsies, gunshot wounds and scaphoid nonunion: my preferred approaches.

    Journal of Hand Surgery (European) · Jun 2022 · Review · PubMed

    An expert opinion piece outlines the author's preferred surgical strategies for treating upper extremity nerve palsies, gunshot wound injuries, and scaphoid nonunion.

  22. Acute scaphoid fractures: making decisions for treating a troublesome bone.

    Journal of Hand Surgery (European) · Jan 2022 · Review · PubMed

    This review highlights persistent uncertainty and debate across seven key decision points in diagnosing and managing acute scaphoid fractures, from imaging to fixation and union assessment.

  23. Scaphoid Nonunion Vascularized Bone Grafting in 2021: Is Avascular Necrosis the Sole Determinant?

    Journal of Hand Surgery (American) · Sep 2021 · Review · PubMed

    Scaphoid nonunion treatment decisions should consider multiple risk factors beyond avascular necrosis, including nonunion location, duration, and previous surgery, to guide vascularized bone graft use.

  24. Two-Screw Fixation of Scaphoid Waist Fractures.

    Journal of Hand Surgery (American) · Aug 2020 · Review · PubMed

    Review argues two-screw fixation of scaphoid waist fractures offers biomechanical and union-rate advantages over single-screw fixation, though robust clinical outcome data are still lacking.

  25. Evaluation and Management of Carpal Fractures Other Than the Scaphoid.

    Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons · Aug 01 2020 · Review · PubMed

    This review covers diagnosis and management of non-scaphoid carpal fractures, emphasizing imaging and surgical indications to avoid nonunion, osteonecrosis, and arthritis.

  26. Posttraumatic Avascular Necrosis After Proximal Femur, Proximal Humerus, Talar Neck, and Scaphoid Fractures.

    Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons · Nov 01 2019 · Review · PubMed

    Posttraumatic avascular necrosis occurs after femoral neck, humeral head, talar neck, and scaphoid fractures; diagnosis timing and treatment depend on specific anatomic location and collapse.

Landmark papers

  1. The vascularity of the scaphoid bone

    Journal of Hand Surgery (American) · 1980 · cited 597 times · PubMed

    Cadaveric injection studies show the scaphoid's proximal pole depends heavily on radial artery branches entering dorsally, explaining its vulnerability to avascular necrosis and favoring volar surgical approaches to preserve blood supply.

  2. A new vascularized bone graft for scaphoid nonunion

    Journal of Hand Surgery (American) · 1991 · cited 520 times · PubMed

    Vascularized distal dorsoradial radius bone graft enables scaphoid nonunion healing with reduced immobilization time compared to conventional techniques.

  3. Scaphoid malunion

    Journal of Hand Surgery (American) · 1989 · cited 464 times · PubMed

    Article on scaphoid malunion (no abstract available).

  4. The effect of avascular necrosis on Russe bone grafting for scaphoid nonunion

    Journal of Hand Surgery (American) · 1985 · cited 351 times · PubMed

    In 45 scaphoid nonunion patients, Russe bone grafting succeeded in 92% with good proximal pole vascularity but failed in all cases of true avascular necrosis, determined intraoperatively by punctate bleeding.

  5. Treatment of Scaphoid Fractures and Nonunions

    Journal of Hand Surgery (American) · 2008 · cited 325 times · PubMed

    This 2008 review covers current concepts in diagnosing and surgically treating scaphoid fractures and nonunions, including fixation techniques and vascularized bone grafting for avascular necrosis.

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